Influence of anthropogenic land‐use change on hillslope erosion in the Waipaoa River Basin,New Zealand          下载免费PDF全文

Corina Cerovski‐Darriau  Joshua J. Roering 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(15):2167-2176

European settlement of the Poverty Bay Region resulted in deforestation and conversion of > 90% of the landscape to pastureland. The resulting loss of vegetation triggered a rapid increase in hillslope erosion as widespread landslide complexes and gully systems developed on weak lithologic units in the Waipaoa Basin. To quantify the rate and volume of historic hillslope degradation, we used a 1956–2010 sequence of aerial photographs for a ~16 km² catchment to map temporal changes in the spatial extent of active landslides. Then we created a ‘turf index’ based on the extent and style of pastoral ground disruption, which correlates with downslope velocity. Based on the movement of trees and other features, we assigned average velocities to the turf classes as follows: (1) minimal disrupted ground: 0.6 m/yr, (2) a mix of disrupted ground and intact blocks: 3.4 m/yr, and (3) no intact blocks or vegetation: > 6 m/yr. We then calculated the average annual sediment flux using these turf‐derived velocities, the width of the landslide‐channel intersection, and an average toe depth of 4.4 ± 1.3 m (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) from 37 field measurements. The resulting catchment averaged erosion rates are (mean ± SD): 29.9 ± 12.9 mm/yr (1956), 28.8 ± 13.7 mm/yr (1969), 13.4 ± 4.9 mm/yr (1979), 17.0 ± 6.2 mm/yr (1988), and 9.9 ± 3.6 mm/yr (2010). Compared with long‐term (post‐18 ka) erosion rates (1.6 mm/yr) and the long‐term uplift rate (~1 mm/yr) for this site, the 50‐year anthropogenically‐driven rate is an order of magnitude larger (~20 mm/yr). Previously, we measured an increase in erosion over the past 3.4 kyr (2.2 mm/yr), and here, we demonstrate this increase could be primarily due to human land‐use change – showing that a century of rapid erosion superimposed on the background geologic rate can profoundly skew the interpretation of erosion rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Challenges to the representation of suspended sediment transfer using a depth‐averaged flux          下载免费PDF全文

Chen Cheng  Huiming Huang  Chengyan Liu  Weimin Jiang 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(10):1337-1357

The sediment saturation recovery process (i.e. the adaptation of suspended sediment concentration [SSC] to local forcing) is the main feature of the non‐equilibrium suspended sediment transport (SST) frequently occurring in fluvial, estuarine and coastal waters. In order to quantitatively describe this phenomenon, a series solution is analytically derived, including the evolution of both vertical SSC profile and near‐bed sediment flux (NBSF), and is verified by net erosion and net deposition experiments, respectively. The results suggest that the sediment saturation recovery process involves vertically varying fluxes that are not represented correctly by depth‐averaging. Consequently, a vertical two‐dimensional (2D) combined scheme is established and applied respectively in to a dredged trench and to a sand wave feature to demonstrate this argument. By analyzing the variations of the calculated depth‐averaged SSC and NBSF we reveal that the equilibrium state presented by the sediment carrying capacity (SCC) form of the NBSF, which is usually applied in depth‐integrated SST models, lags behind the actual dynamic bed equilibrium state. Moreover, the key factor α, the so‐called saturation recovery coefficient within this form, is not only a function of local Rouse number but also is influenced by the local SSC profile. Finally, a three‐dimensional (3D) non‐orthogonal curvilinear body‐fitted SST model is developed and validated in the Yangtze estuary, China, combined with the in situ hourly hydrographic data from August 14–15, 2007 during spring tide in the wet season. Model results confirm that the vertically varying sediment saturation recovery process, the discrepancies between the actual and SCC form of NBSF and non‐constant value of α are significant in actual real geomorphic cases. The quantitative morphological change resulting from variations in environmental conditions may not be correctly represented by uncorrected depth‐integrated SST models if they do not treat the effects of vertical motion on the sediment saturation recovery process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A modified landform development model for the topography of drained thermokarst lake basins in fine‐grained sediments          下载免费PDF全文

Pascale Roy‐Léveillée  Christopher R. Burn 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(11):1504-1520

Permafrost degradation associated with the expansion of thermokarst lakes is commonly interrupted by catastrophic drainage. Subsequently, in tundra areas, permafrost aggradation in drained basins leads to uneven topography characterized by raised centres and wet, depressed margins. The genesis of such topography has been investigated in Old Crow Flats (OCF), a glaciolacustrine plain in the continuous permafrost of northern Yukon. The thermokarst lakes of OCF have a mean depth of only 1.5 m because excess ice is dominantly found only in the uppermost 10 m of the ground. Surface conditions were measured in three drained thermokarst lake basins, including relief, snow conditions, ground temperatures, near‐surface ground ice, and sediment stratigraphy. Four nearby lakes provided information on wave base, shore recession patterns, and bathymetry before drainage: the bottoms of these lakes were not raised in the centre. An elevation difference of up to 2 m was recorded between drained basin margins and centres but was not associated with variations in ice‐wedge density or segregated ice content. Hence basin topography was not controlled by differences in volumetric ground‐ice content between margins and centres. We propose that transport of fine sediment away from eroding lake margins during lake development is the primary mechanism for the genesis of depressed margins and raised centres in drained basins of OCF. Over time, the transport results in the deposition of more and finer sediment in the central parts of lakes, where the lake bottom has subsided below wave base, than at the shallow margins, where resuspension by wave action occurs frequently. This difference in sediment volume is revealed in the topography after drainage, when permafrost aggrades in the lake‐bottom sediment and underlying talik. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

山东郯城麦坡中更新世地震事件记录^*          下载免费PDF全文

张邦花  田洪水  祝介旺 《古地理学报》2016,18(5):799-808

山东郯城麦坡被命名为典型地震活动断层遗址,其最醒目的标志是郯庐断裂带主干断层(F₂)东盘的紫灰色下白垩统逆冲到断层西盘的红棕色第四系之上且界线截然。野外调查和试验分析表明,郯城麦坡第四系于泉组中发育液化砂涌管、液化砂脉、震裂缝充填构造和同沉积断层等地震引发的软沉积物变形构造——地震事件记录。根据软沉积物变形构造的砂质黏土光释光测年分析,推断这些软沉积物变形构造所记录的地震事件属郯庐断裂带主干断层F₂在中更新世晚期发生的强构造与地震活动。这些地震事件记录为研究郯庐断裂带新构造运动与地震活动提供了新资料,也丰富了该地震活动断层遗址的内涵。  相似文献   

西藏地堡那木岗矿区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张文磊  于涛  刘堂  汪东  熊义军 《地质与资源》2016,25(4):356-359

利用SPSS等软件对矿区1：5万水系沉积物地球化学数据分析,选用平均值±3倍标准差（X±3S）作为上下限反复剔除原始数据的特值,使元素含量服从正态分布.最后以X+2S作为异常下限（T）,以1T、2T、4T三级浓度分带,圈定Cu、Au、Ag、Mo单元素异常和Au-Ag-Mo综合元素异常,揭示矿区内水系沉积物地球化学异常特征.将异常区与矿区地质特征、矿床（点）套合分析,表明异常受地层、断裂、围岩蚀变控制,对寻找矿（化）体、断层、围岩蚀变带有指示作用.最终,优选2处远景区,分别为3号综合异常区中心北北西方向至北东向断裂附近,1号、2号综合异常区及其东侧组成一个走向为东西向的异常带.  相似文献   

荒漠-绿洲过渡带斑块植被区起沙风对风蚀积沙量的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

胡广录  王德金  廖亚鑫  张宏伟 《中国沙漠》2016,36(4):902-910

以黑河中游荒漠-绿洲过渡带斑块植被区的风蚀积沙观测资料为基础,结合中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）临泽内陆河流域研究站的风况资料,应用地统计学方法对2012-2013年风蚀季（3-8月）的风蚀积沙过程进行分类,并分析起沙风对风蚀积沙量的影响。结果表明：（1）2012-2013年风蚀季风蚀积沙量的空间变异过程分为随机性变异过程（2012年4-7月）和结构性变异过程（2012年8月及2013年3-7月）。（2）在随机性变异过程中,风蚀积沙量与起沙风的风速,风向,风频率依次相关;在结构性变异过程中,风蚀积沙量与起沙风的风向,风速,风频率依次相关。③输沙势（DP）与风蚀积沙量的相关性大小为随机性变异过程>结构性变异过程;在随机性变异过程中,合成输沙势（RDP）与风蚀积沙量无明显相关关系（R²=0.0745）;而在结构性变异过程中,合成输沙势（RDP）与风蚀积沙量的相关系数较高（R²=0.9343）。④在随机性变异过程中,各月风蚀积沙量呈不规则的片状分布;在结构性变异过程中,各月积沙量呈明显的带状分布。  相似文献   

失水对海洋沉积物磁学性质的影响     

李明坤  欧阳婷萍  田成静  朱照宇  唐志华  彭学超  邱燕  钟和贤． 《热带地理》2016,36(3):438-447

为了探究沉积物的干燥过程及方式对其磁学性质的影响,选取含水率高的南海沉积物样品,对其中685个样品在自然条件下逐步晾干,并每间隔40 d测量1次低频磁化率（κlf）、高频磁化率（κhf）、饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）、S-300和频率磁化率系数（κfd）,共测量5次;对另外60个样品进行冷冻干燥,并在干燥前后测量相同的磁学参数。结果表明：1）自然晾干过程中,除少数异常点（约7%）外,大多数样品的κlf和κhf呈减小趋势,少数样品呈增大趋势,S-300和κfd均呈减小趋势,SIRM先减后增,整体上呈增大趋势;2）冷冻干燥过程中,样品的κlf、κhf、S-300和κfd呈增大趋势,SIRM呈减小趋势;3）2种干燥方法均不影响κlf、κhf、SIRM和S-300的剖面变化趋势,但对κfd的影响较大,这在磁学指标的古环境研究中具有关键的指示意义。磁学参数的变化,可能是由于失水过程发生的微弱氧化作用、失水导致水的抗磁性“负贡献”降低、细粒磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿在湿润状态下转变成顺磁性和不完全反铁磁性等综合因素造成的。建议对同一批次的样品采取相同的干燥方法。  相似文献   

天津市潮间带表层沉积物的类型及其分布   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

裴艳东  王云生  范昌福  王福  田立柱  商志文  车继英  王宏 《地质通报》2009,28(7):915-922

根据在天津市潮间带地区采集的108个底质样品的粒度分析结果,划分了潮间带表层沉积物的类型,并探讨了潮间带的粒度分布特征和沉积作用。结果表明,天津潮间带可分为3个岩性区,分别以海河口、独流减河口为界,海河口以北至涧河口为片状粘土质粉砂分布区,海河口以南至独流减河口为多岩性、条带状的砂-粉砂分布区,独流减河口至歧口为片状粘土质粉砂分布区。海河口以北的潮间带是以低能潮汐作用为主的泥质粉砂潮滩沉积环境,海河口以南的潮间带是以河口沉积为主体,后经潮汐改造的潮滩环境,驴驹河-独流减河河口岸段潮间带早期水动力较强,后受到潮滩环境的改造,歧口岸段潮间带以潮滩沉积环境为主。  相似文献   

南海北部晚全新世高海平面及其波动的海滩沉积证据          下载免费PDF全文

余克服  陈特固 《地学前缘》2009,16(6):138

揭示晚全新世以来的海平面变化过程对于理解海平面所处的现状和变化的趋势等具有重要意义。构造活动相对稳定的雷州半岛珊瑚礁区蕴藏着丰富的海平面变化信息,文中对该区晚全新世发育的海滩沉积序列研究表明,距今约1.7～1.2Cal.kaBP(14C年代为2.1～1.7kaBP)期间总体上是一个海平面持续上升的时期,其中在距今约1.5Cal.kaBP时海平面有过短暂的下降波动,约1.2Cal.kaBP时的海平面比现在的至少高128cm;之后海平面开始下降,至今海岸线后退了约210m,形成现代海滩-沙堤地貌体系。结合本区珊瑚礁记录的全新世其他时段海平面的变化特征,本文认为全新世海平面与气候变化一样,也存在千年、百年、年代际尺度的波动特征。  相似文献   

青藏高原兹格塘错沉积记录的全新世水位变化事件及其原因初步研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

李世杰  Bernd Wünemann  夏威岚  于守兵  沈德福  姜永见 《地学前缘》2009,16(6):162

兹格塘错是一个内陆封闭型湖泊,位于藏北高原腹地,处于西南季风作用边缘地带。由于流域内无冰川分布,湖泊补给主要靠大气降水,因此水体的扩张与收缩能够直接反映西南季风的变化。半干旱气候地区湖泊沉积物碳酸盐含量能够敏感地反映水体的扩张与收缩。兹格塘错沉积物碳酸盐含量高,与可溶盐(氯离子与硫酸根离子)含量变化结合能更好地揭示水体的演化阶段。分析结果表明,在9.3～8.9calkaBP、8.3～7.8calkaBP、5.0～4.7calkaBP、4.0～3.8calkaBP和3.1～2.7calkaBP碳酸盐含量出现大幅度下降,指示湖泊淡化、水位升高。但在3.8calkaBP左右碳酸盐含量和可溶盐(氯离子与硫酸根离子)含量同时出现峰值,指示出湖泊水体盐度升高、水位出现下降;近1calkaBP以来,碳酸盐与可溶盐含量都呈现逐渐下降趋势,表明湖泊水体逐渐淡化、水位缓慢上升的过程。但近100a来可溶盐含量上升,指示出湖泊水体的不断浓缩和水位下降过程,这和近百年的气候暖干化过程是一致的。兹格塘错沉积岩心碳酸盐含量全新世以来5次极低事件,有力地证明青藏高原西南季风在全新世期间的不稳定性。  相似文献